Logistics
(circulation of goods)
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Logistics, originally meaning "physical distribution" or "goods distribution", is part of supply chain activities. It is planned, implemented and controlled the efficient and low-cost flow and storage of goods, services and related information from origin to place of consumption to meet customer needs. The process. Logistics is centered on warehousing to promote the synchronization of production and market. Logistics is to meet the needs of customers and realize the whole process of planning, implementation and management of raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products and related information from the origin of commodities to the place of consumption of commodities through transportation, storage, distribution and other means at the lowest cost.
Logistics consists of transportation, distribution, warehousing, packaging, handling, circulation and processing of commodities, and related logistics information.
The specific contents of logistics activities include the following aspects: user service, demand forecasting, order processing, distribution, inventory control, transportation, warehouse management, layout and location of factories and warehouses, handling, procurement, packaging, and intelligence information.
The concept of logistics was first formed in the United States and originated in the 1930s, which originally meant "physical distribution" or "goods distribution". It was introduced into Japan in 1963, which means "circulation of things" in Japanese. After the 1970s, the word "logistics" in Japan gradually replaced the word "circulation of things".
The word "logistics" in China is a foreign word introduced from Japanese materials, which comes from the translation of the word "Logistics" in Japanese materials.
- Chinese Name
- Logistics
- Foreign Language Name
- Logistics
- Introduction China Time
- 1980s
- Traditional Logistics English
- Physical Distribution
- Level
- Distribution Management, Logistics Management, Supply Chain Management
- Leading
- Field Logistics Field, Logistics Sharing Field
- Including
- Synonyms
- within the scope of the same logistics industry
- :
- handling station, transportation, air transportation, water transportation, land transportation
Table of contents
Explanation one
Logistics refers to the whole process of planning, implementing and managing raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products or related information from the origin of commodities to the place of consumption of commodities through transportation, storage, distribution and other means to meet the needs of customers with the lowest cost and efficiency. Logistics is a system that controls raw materials, manufactured goods, finished products and information. From the beginning of supply, it reaches the final consumer through the transfer and ownership of various intermediate links, so as to achieve the clear goals of the organization. Modern logistics is the product of economic globalization and an important service industry to promote economic globalization. The world's modern logistics industry is growing steadily, and Europe, the United States and Japan have become important logistics bases around the world.
Seven components: transportation, warehousing, packaging, handling, circulation, processing, distribution and related logistics information of objects.
The specific content includes the following aspects: user service, demand forecasting, order processing, distribution, inventory control, transportation, warehouse management, factory and warehouse layout and location, handling, procurement, packaging, intelligence information.
1. Transportation
Use facilities and tools to carry out items from one point to another.
2. Inventory
Inventory control: logistics operation activities that control, classify and manage inventory quantity and structure.
3. Packaging
Packaging is the general name of containers, materials and accessories used according to certain technical aspects to protect products, facilitate storage and transportation, and promote sales during circulation. It also refers to the operation activities of applying certain technical methods in the process of using containers, materials and auxiliary objects to achieve the above purposes.
4. Handling
Moving is a logistics operation that mainly moves goods horizontally in the same place. Moving is an operation for the transportation and storage of goods of products.
5. Circulation and processing
Distribution processing is a general term for simple operations such as packaging, segmentation, metrology, sorting, marking, labeling and assembly according to needs in the process of articles from the place of production to the place of use.
6. Information management
Collect and process logistics-related plans, forecasts, dynamic information and information related to production, market and cost, so that logistics activities can be carried out effectively and smoothly.
Explanation two
In the definition of China's national standard Logistics Terminology, it is pointed out that logistics is the physical flow of goods from the place of supply to the place of receipt. According to actual needs, the basic functions such as transportation, storage, handling, handling, packaging, circulation and processing, distribution, recycling and information processing are organically combined.
China's logistics terminology standard defines logistics as logistics as logistics as the process of organically combining transportation, storage, handling, packaging, circulation processing, distribution, information processing and other functions to achieve user requirements according to actual needs.
Explanation three
The "thing" in logistics is the part of the material data in the world of material data that has both the characteristics of matter and entities and can carry out physical displacement. "flow" is a physical movement. This movement has its limited meaning, that is, the physical motion that takes the earth as the frame of reference and is relative to the earth, which is called "displacement". The range of flow can be a large geographical area, or a combination of small-scale displacement, "object" and "flow" in the same region and environment. It is an advanced form of movement based on natural movement. Its interconnected is between economic purposes and physical objects, and between military purposes and physical objects. Between, even between a certain social purpose and physical objects, look for the laws of movement. Therefore, logistics is not only a combination of "things" and "flows" under the above-mentioned limited conditions, but more importantly, it is a combination limited to military, economic and social conditions, and observes the transportation of objects from a military, economic and social perspective to meet certain military, economic and social requirements.
Explanation 4
Modern logistics not only considers the distribution of goods from producers to consumers, but also considers the procurement of raw materials from suppliers to producers, as well as the transportation, storage and information of producers themselves in the process of product manufacturing, so as to comprehensively and comprehensively improve economic efficiency and efficiency. Therefore, modern logistics is a strategic measure aimed at meeting the needs of consumers and considering the market conditions such as manufacturing, transportation and sales. Compared with the traditional logistics concept of only regarded as a "logistics support system" and "acting as a bridge in sales activities", it has a further meaning in depth and breadth.
Summary
Generally speaking, logistics is an activity that includes basic functions such as transportation, handling, storage, storage, packaging, loading and unloading, circulation processing and logistics information processing. It is an economic activity that flows from the place of supply to the receiving place to meet social needs.
1. For the concept of "logistics", different countries and institutions vary from time to time. The earliest document on logistics activities is in the United Kingdom. In 1918, Lord Ham of Eunity Oliver, England, established Instant Delivery Co., Ltd., which aims to deliver goods to wholesalers, retailers and users in a timely manner nationwide. During World War II, the United States first adopted the term "Logistics management" in the supply of arms in wartime, starting from military needs, and carried out comprehensive management of the transportation, supply and garrison of arms. After World War II, the word "logistics" was borrowed by Americans into enterprise management and was called "business logistics". Enterprise logistics refers to the comprehensive management of the supply and marketing, transportation and storage activities of enterprises.
2. According to the data of the Japan Logistics Management Association, after the 1950s, Japan's economy has basically returned to the pre-World War II level. Enterprises have carried out large-scale equipment investment and renovation, the technical level has been continuously improved, and productivity has increased significantly. In 1955, the Productive Headquarters was established. In order to improve the logistics information network of production efficiency in the circulation field and ensure the smooth operation and development of the economy, the group organized a large-scale investigation mission headed by Michio Izawa. In the autumn of 1956, it inspected logistics in the United States. At that time, Japan did not have the "logistics" The name of the delegation is "Circulation Technology Professional Expedition Mission". During the delegation's visit in the United States, Mr. Kembas, a famous American professor, said that one of the reasons for the smooth development of the national economy in the United States over the past 30 years is the importance of both production efficiency and circulation efficiency.
After returning home, the Japanese delegation made suggestions to the government attaching importance to logistics, and launched a PD enlightenment movement in the industry. The PD Research Association was established within the Japan Energy Rate Association, and Mr. Naoshira (director of the Institute of Handling and the Japan Loading and the President of the Handling Association, known as the "father of logistics in Japan") was invited to be the president and hold PD seminars every month. At the Institute of Circulation Economics, Professor Lin Tuesday, an authoritative Japanese logistics scholar, also organized P D Research Association actively carries out various forms of enlightenment education activities.
After eight years of efforts, the Japanese government finally began to attract attention to PD in 1964. The Ministry of Communications and Communications invited Mr. Nao Pingyuan to government agencies to explain the importance of PD and give lectures to government officials. In July of the same year, when the Ministry of Communications and Industry decided to discuss the logistics budget, it was worried that the news media would not understand PD Japanese in the report, so it invited Mr. Naoshishiwa to consult with Mr. Jiuwan Uchiyama (director of Japan Express Co., Ltd.).
Modern logistics
In today's e-commerce era, the global logistics industry has a new development trend. The core goal of modern logistics services is to meet the needs of customers at the lowest comprehensive cost throughout the logistics process.
With the rapid rise of e-commerce and the demand of the industry, the demand and requirements for the important link of warehousing, logistics and distribution are also constantly improving. Third-party companies also play an increasingly important role in the market industry, and can even assist merchants to provide a wide range of services at terminals and channels. The services of such enterprises are not only simple delivery, but more importantly, they need to do a good job in warehousing, inventory logistics and distribution from the perspective of merchants, so as to form a benign development of the overall process of e-commerce.
Modern logistics has the following four characteristics:
1. Close integration of e-commerce and logistics;
2. Modern logistics is the unity of logistics, information flow, capital flow and talent flow.
3. E-commerce logistics is a combination of informatization, automation, networking, intelligence and flexibility.
4. The standardization of logistics facilities and commodity packaging, and the socialization and commonization of logistics are also new characteristics of the logistics model under e-commerce.
Five components of modern logistics information technology:
1. Barcode technology
2. EDI technology
3. Radio Frequency Technology (RFID)
4. GIS technology (GIS)
5. GPS technology
The continuous development of e-commerce has brought the logistics industry back to rise. The services provided by the logistics industry in the United States have far exceeded those of warehousing, distribution and transportation. Logistics companies provide an increasing number of warehousing, distribution facilities, maintenance services, electronic tracking and other value-added services. Logistics service providers are becoming customer service centers, processing and maintenance centers, information processing centers and financial centers. It is an evolving concept to add new services according to customer needs.
Compared with the logistics industry in developed countries, China's logistics industry is still in the initial stage of development, and its main characteristics of its development are: First, enterprise logistics is still the focus of logistics activities in the whole society, and the demand for professional logistics services has begun to emerge, which shows that the development level of China's logistics activities is relatively low, and the strengthening of enterprises. The logistics management of the Ministry is still the focus of the logistics activities of the whole society. Second, professional logistics enterprises have begun to emerge, and diversified logistics services have developed to a certain extent. It is an urgent task for the development of China's logistics industry to get out of the logistics activity mode based on enterprise self-service and develop third-party logistics. Third, the professional logistics started late, and the China Logistics Mall was only launched and is still in the development stage. On June 8, 2011, Premier Wen Jiabao of the State Council presided over the executive meeting of the State Council to study and deploy the work to promote the healthy development of the logistics industry. The results of the meeting agreed that China must formulate and improve supporting policies and measures to promote the healthy development of the logistics industry, and put forward eight aspects to promote the healthy development of logistics at the meeting. At the same time, the Ministry of Transport issued the Notice on Carrying out the Special Clean-up of Toll Highways to further promote the development of logistics in China.
China
China's logistics industry started relatively late. With the rapid development of the national economy, China's logistics industry has maintained a relatively rapid growth rate, the logistics system has been continuously improved, and the operation of the industry has become increasingly mature and standardized.
In 2013, the total amount of social logistics nationwide was 197.8 trillion yuan, an increase of 11.6% year-on-year in nominal terms. At comparable prices, it increased by 9.5% year-on-year, down 0.3 percentage points from the previous year. Quarterly, it grew by 9.4% in the first quarter, 9.1% in the first half of the year, and 9.5% in the first three quarters, showing a trend of shifting from "stabilization slowdown" to "stabilization and recovery", and the overall growth remained relatively fast throughout the year.
In terms of composition, in 2013, the total amount of industrial logistics was 181.5 trillion yuan, an increase of 9.7% year-on-year, down 0.3 percentage points from the previous year. The total logistics of imported goods was 12.1 trillion yuan, an increase of 6.4% year-on-year, down 1.3 percentage points from the previous year. The total agricultural logistics increased by 4.0% year-on-year, down 0.6 percentage points from the previous year. Driven by the rapid growth of e-commerce and online shopping, the total logistics of units and residents has maintained a rapid growth trend, with a year-on-year increase of 30.4%, an acceleration of 6.9 percentage points over the previous year. Driven by the rapid development of the green economy, low-carbon economy and circular economy, the total logistics of renewable resources has increased rapidly and increased year-on-year. It grew by 20.3%, an increase of 10.2 percentage points faster than the previous year. For details, please refer to the Analysis Report on the Development Status and Regional Investment Opportunities of China's Logistics Industry.
In 2013, the total cost of social logistics was 10.2 trillion yuan, an increase of 9.3% year-on-year, down 2.1 percentage points from the same period last year. In 2013, the ratio of total social logistics to GDP was 18.0%, basically the same as the previous year. It reflects that the logistics costs of China's economic and social operation are still high.
Since the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, especially since the State Council issued the Adjustment and Revitalization Plan for the Logistics Industry, China's logistics industry has maintained rapid growth, its service capacity has been significantly improved, infrastructure conditions and policy environment have been significantly improved, and a modern industrial system has initially taken shape. The logistics industry has become an important part of the national economy.
The scale of the industry is growing rapidly. The total amount of social logistics nationwide reached 197.8 trillion yuan in 2013, an increase of 3.1 times over 2005, with an average annual increase of 11.5% at comparable prices. The added value of the logistics industry reached 3.9 trillion yuan in 2013, an increase of 2.2 times over 2005, with an average annual growth rate of 11.1%. The value-added value of the logistics industry in GDP increased from 6.6% in 2005 to 6.8% in 2013, and the proportion of the added value of the service industry reached 14.8. %. The number of employees absorbed in the logistics industry has increased rapidly. The number of employees increased from 17.8 million in 2005 to 28.9 million in 2013, with an average annual growth rate of 6.2%. For details, please refer to the Forward-looking Market Outlook and Investment Strategic Planning Analysis Report of China's Logistics Industry.
The service capacity has been significantly improved. The pace of asset restructuring and resource integration of logistics enterprises has been further accelerated, forming a group of logistics enterprises with diversified ownership, service networking and modern management. The transformation of the traditional transportation industry and warehousing industry to modern logistics industry has been accelerated. The professional and social service capabilities of manufacturing logistics, commercial logistics, e-commerce logistics and international logistics have been significantly enhanced, the service level has been continuously improved, and a modern logistics service system has been initially established.
Technical equipment conditions have improved significantly. Information technology is widely used. Most logistics enterprises have established management information systems, and the construction of logistics information platforms has been promoted rapidly. Modern information technologies such as the Internet of Things and cloud computing have been applied, and special logistics equipment such as loading, unloading and handling, sorting and packaging, processing and distribution, and intelligent labeling, tracking, path optimization and other technologies have been rapidly promoted.
The infrastructure network is improving day by day. By the end of 2013, the operating mileage of national railways was 103,000 kilometers, including 11,000 kilometers of high-speed railways; the total mileage of national highways reached 4.356 million kilometers, including 104,500 kilometers of highways; and 124,900 kilometers of inland waterways, including higher-level waterways at the third level and above. 10,200 kilometers; there are 2001 berths in 10,000 tons and above in China, including 1,607 coastal ports and 394 inland river ports; and 193 civil transport airports nationwide. In 2012, the national commercial warehouse covers an area of about 1.3 billion square meters, with 754 logistics parks of various types.
The development environment is constantly optimized. The outline of the 12th Five-Year Plan clearly proposes to vigorously develop the modern logistics industry. The State Council issued the Plan for the Adjustment and Revitalization of the Logistics Industry, and formulated and promulgated policies and measures to promote the healthy development of the logistics industry. Relevant departments and local governments have introduced a series of special plans and supporting measures. The social logistics statistics system is improving day by day, standardization is advancing in an orderly manner, talent training has been further strengthened, and logistics science and technology, academic theoretical research and industry-university-research cooperation are constantly deepening.
Generally speaking, China's logistics industry has entered a new stage of transformation and upgrading. However, the overall level of development of the logistics industry is not high, and the development mode is relatively extensive. The main manifestations are: First, the logistics cost is high and the efficiency is low. In 2013, the ratio of total social logistics costs to GDP was as high as 18%, about twice as high as that of developed countries, and significantly higher than that of developing countries such as Brazil and India. Second, the fragmentation is serious, and the institutional obstacles hindering the development of the logistics industry have not been broken. The proportion of self-operated logistics is high, the scale of logistics enterprises is small, advanced technology is difficult to promote, logistics standards are difficult to unify, and the problems of circuitous transportation and waste of resources are prominent. Third, the infrastructure is relatively lagging behind and cannot meet the requirements of modern logistics development. Modern warehousing, multimodal transportation and other facilities are still insufficient. The logistics park system with reasonable layout and perfect functions has not yet been established. The efficient, smooth and convenient comprehensive transportation network is not perfect, and the problems of non-connection and supporting logistics infrastructure are relatively prominent. Fourth, the policy and regulatory system is not perfect enough, and the market order is not standardized enough. Some policies and measures that have been issued need to be further implemented, and the problem of arbitrary charges and fines for logistics enterprises in some places is prominent. The construction of the credit system is lagging behind, and the overall quality of logistics practitioners needs to be further improved.
Top 100 Logistics
Since 2004, the selection activity of China's top 100 logistics enterprises organized by the China Logistics Top 100 Selection Organizing Committee (hereinafter referred to as the Selection Organizing Committee) has been successfully held four times, with the strong support and participation of relevant departments, units and logistics enterprises in all provinces, cities and autonomous regions across the country, especially in the economic field. The logistics industry generally believes that this selection activity is highly authoritative and credible, and has played a positive role in promoting the development of China's logistics enterprises.
Development prospects
GDP output value
Generally speaking, the outlook is very good.
Background development
With the sharp weakening of trade flows from major economies, the volume of goods on global maritime backbone routes such as Asia, the United States, Asia and Europe inevitably enters the downstream channel. With the increase in logistics demand and the deepening of logistics understanding, a large number of transportation, warehousing and freight forwarding enterprises formed under the planning mechanism in China are striving to change the original single direction of warehousing or transportation services, actively expand their business scope and extend logistics service projects in order to meet the needs of competition under the new situation. Gradually developing towards multi-functional modern logistics. In the first half of 2012, China's total social logistics grew rapidly, and the growth rate stabilized slowly. The total amount of social logistics reached 83.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 10% year-on-year at comparable prices, down 3.7 percentage points from the same period in 2011.
Industry forecast
In 2012, the operating speed of China's railway trucks was only about 46.4 kilometers, the proportion of high-efficiency transportation modes such as bulk and containers was low, and the loading and unloading time was long; the operating speed of road trucks was also less than 50 kilometers; the inland waterway shipping speed was lower; and the average turnover time of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products was 3 - About 6 months. China's logistics market share is as high as 700 billion yuan, and as many as 7,000 express companies compete for market share. From the main background of the domestic logistics industry, foreign capital, state-owned enterprises and private express companies are divided into three parts of the world. At the level of private express companies, there are too many small enterprises, which are very scattered, and it is very difficult to expand the market to a certain extent. It is predicted that in the next 3-5 years, there will be a clear trend of industry reshuffle, merger and integration, and the concentration of the industry will continue to increase.
Current status of development
In fact, the development of economic globalization, liberalization and networking has made the social division of labor obvious. The enterprise supply chain has been extended longer and longer, and the sales channels have become more detailed. This objectively caused the proportion of logistics costs in product costs to remain high. Self-operated logistics has become a heavy burden for enterprises, independent of both supply and demand. Fang's third-party logistics has emerged. In the process of enterprise supply chain operation, logistics flows through the whole chain. Among them, low-cost raw material procurement and smooth circulation channels can bring significant profits to enterprises. In a word, in today's increasing convergence of labor, raw materials, manufacturing costs, etc., logistics has become the "third source of profit" for enterprises.
Cold chain logistics
Cold chain logistics refers to a systematic project in which refrigerated frozen food is always in a specified low-temperature environment in all links before production, storage, transportation and sales, in order to ensure food quality and reduce food loss. It is established with the progress of science and technology and the development of refrigeration technology. It is a low-temperature logistics process based on refrigeration technology and means of refrigeration technology. It is a special logistics form that requires special equipment and needs to pay attention to the transportation process, time control, transportation mode and logistics costs. .
Agile logistics
Agility Logistics is also known as Agile Supply Chain.ASC. Most Chinese logistics companies call Agile Logistics "wuliuku". Agile Logistics (Tutu Logistics) takes core logistics enterprises as the center and uses scientific and technological means to integrate suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers and end consumer users into a unified, fast-responsive and seamless functional logistics network chain through the control of capital flow, logistics and information flow. In order to form a highly competitive strategic alliance.
Military logistics
Military logistics refers to logistics activities used to meet the peacetime and wartime needs of the army. Its main purpose is to ensure the victory of military operations. This is obviously different from the target of local logistics at cost or service level; the specificity of the types of goods: mainly include weapons and equipment, ammunition, medical equipment, military daily necessities, etc. The confidentiality and effectiveness of logistics activities. In most cases, the troops use their own transportation and storage equipment to complete logistics activities at military airports, docks and stations. Therefore, military logistics and civil logistics are actually a unified large system.
E-commerce logistics
E-commerce logistics, also known as online logistics, is a new business model based on Internet technology, which aims to creatively promote the development of the logistics industry. Through the Internet, logistics companies can be actively found by a wider range of cargo owners and customers, and can expand their business nationwide and even the world. Trading companies and factories can be more Quickly find the most cost-effective logistics company; online logistics is committed to attracting the largest number of cargo owners with logistics needs and logistics companies providing logistics services in the world, providing a neutral, honest and free online logistics trading market, and helping both the supply and demand sides of logistics to conclude transactions efficiently. More and more customers have found customers, partners and overseas agents through the online logistics trading market. The greatest value provided by online logistics is more opportunities.
The advent of the e-commerce era has brought new development to global logistics, and has a series of new characteristics: informatization, automation, networking, intelligence, flexibility and green logistics.
Nowadays, in addition to the self-operated model, alliance model and third-party logistics, there is also a crowdsourcing logistics model of e-commerce.
E-commerce logistics solutions
I. Foreign e-commerce logistics solutions
1. Centralization of logistics in the United States
The centralized U.S. logistics model emphasizes the "integralized logistics management system", which is a management method that focuses on the overall interests, breaks through the system of departmental management, and carries out unified planning and management from the whole. In terms of marketing, logistics management includes five processes: distribution planning, transportation, warehousing, market research, and serving users. In terms of circulation and services, the logistics management process includes demand forecasting, ordering process, raw material purchase, processing process, that is, the circulation of all materials from the purchase of raw materials to the delivery of customers. .
2. Efficient distribution centers in Japan
The logistics process is production-circulation-consumption-reduction (waste reuse and replenishment and reproduction of production materials). In Japan, logistics is a non-independent field, which is restricted by many factors. Logistics (less inventory and more wholesale) and sales (more inventory and less wholesale) are opposed to each other, and overall planning must be used to achieve the lowest overall cost effect. The premise of logistics is the sales policy, business management and transaction conditions of the enterprise. When selling orders, delivery conditions, order conditions and inventory conditions have a great impact on logistics results. The logistics problem in circulation has turned to the direction of studying logistics problems in supply, production and sales.
3. A new logistics model adapted to e-commerce - logistics agency
Third Party Logistics (TPL) is defined as: "a professional logistics intermediary in the logistics channel, by signing a contract, providing all or some aspects of logistics provided to other companies for a certain period of time. Business services."
From a broad perspective and logistics operation, logistics agents include all logistics activities, as well as other value-added services that shippers can get from professional logistics agents. This service is provided on the condition of a formal contract between the shipper and the logistics agent. This contract clearly stipulates the cost, duration and mutual responsibility of the service.
Logistics agency in a narrow sense refers to a logistics management method that does not have fixed assets but still undertakes logistics business. With the help of external forces, it is responsible for replacing the shipper to complete the whole logistics process.
After the logistics agency undertakes the warehousing and transportation agency, in order to reduce the expenditure and make the production enterprise feel profitable, it must plan as much as possible to rationalize logistics.
II. Cases of advanced e-commerce logistics models abroad
The development of the logistics and distribution industry in the United States started early and has mature experience, especially the high level of information management, which is of great reference significance for the development of China's logistics.
1. Types of distribution centers in the United States
Since the 1960s, the rationalization of commodity distribution has been widely valued in developed countries. In order to obtain benefits in the circulation field, American enterprises have taken the following measures: first, to transform the old warehouse into a distribution center; second, to introduce a computer management network to standardize loading, unloading, handling and storage, and improve operational efficiency; third, chain stores jointly set up distribution centers to promote the growth of chain stores' benefits. There are many distribution centers of American chain stores, mainly wholesale, retail and warehousing.
(1) Wholesale type
The California Food Distribution Center is the second largest wholesale distribution center in the United States. It was built in 1982, with a construction area of 100,000 square meters and a staff of about 2,000. It has more than 600 fully enclosed temperature-controlled transport vehicles, with sales of $2 billion in 1995. The commodities in business are food, with more than 43,000 varieties, of which 98% are organized and purchased by the company, and 2% are developed and processed by the center, mainly milk, bread, ice cream and other fresh foods. The center has a membership system. Each member supermarket pays different membership fees to the center due to the size of the store and the distribution of goods required. Member stores do not enjoy any special treatment in daily transactions like other stores, but can participate in the regular profit processing of the distribution center. The distribution center itself is not a profitable unit and can not pay business tax. Therefore, when the distribution center makes a profit, it takes the form of dividends and distributes part of the profit to the member store. The amount of dividends distributed by the member store will depend on the delivery volume and transaction volume in the distribution center, and the dividend will be more.
The distribution center is mainly managed by computers. The business department obtains the order information of the member store through the computer, and issues the order of the goods to the manufacturer and the storage and transportation department in time; the manufacturer and the storage and transportation department then arrange the order of distribution according to the order of the order of delivery according to the order of the order of goods, and put the allocated goods at the delivery port for shipment. The distribution center operates 24 hours a day, and the distribution radius is generally 50 kilometers.
The distribution center negotiates with manufacturers and supermarkets to formulate the prices of goods, mainly based on: (a) the quantity and quality of goods; (b) payment time, if payment within 10 days, you can enjoy a 2% price discount; (c) the distribution center's price increase rate for the goods distributed by major supermarkets, according to the variety and grade of the goods. And the amount of purchase, it is generally 2.9% to 8.5%.
(2) Retail type
The distribution center of Wal-Mart Commodity Company in the United States is a typical retail distribution center. The distribution center is wholly owned by Wal-Mart and specializes in providing goods to the company's chain stores on time to ensure the stable operation of each store. The construction area of the center is 120,000 square meters, with a total investment of 70 million US dollars, and more than 1,200 employees. The distribution equipment includes 200 vehicle heads, 400 carriages, 13 distribution conveyor belts, and 170 pick-up ports in the distribution yard. The center operates 24 hours a day and delivers goods to 100 Wal-Mart chains in six states, including New York and Pennsylvania, every day.
The center is located in the central location of 100 chain stores, with a business district of 320 kilometers and an average size of 12,000 square meters. The center operates 40,000 kinds of commodities, mainly food and daily necessities, usually with an inventory of $40 million, $70 million during the peak season, and an annual turnover inventory 24 times. Among the goods in stock, the best-selling goods and the unsaleable goods each account for 50%. The inventory goods are unsaleable goods with a maturity of more than 180 days, and the inventory of each chain store is about 10% of the sales volume. In 1995, the sales of the center were $2 billion.
The prices of goods sold in Wal-Mart chains vary according to the income and consumption level of each region. The head office has set upper and lower limits on the price difference, which, in principle, cannot be higher than the price of similar commodities in the same industry in the region.
2. U.S. Distribution Center Operation Process
The warehouse layout and management of the U.S. distribution center are well organized, so that the busy business does not affect each other. Its main experience is:
(1) There are 27 passageways and 19 incoming ports in the shelf room of the warehouse;
(2) It is mainly pallets, and 4 sets of containers are one shelf;
(3) The stacking of commodities is divided into stored commodities and distributed commodities. Generally, according to the production date, purchase date and shelf life of the goods, the principle of goods in the advanced warehouse are first discharged. At the upper shelf, the storage goods are later stored goods, and the goods stored in the lower shelf are distributed goods to be shipped out of the warehouse;
(4) The distribution of varieties is a large number of whole boxes of goods, so they are distributed with forklifts; store distribution is subdivisions, ranging from a few pairs of socks, so conveyor belts are used to distribute goods;
(5) Lightweight and large-volume commodities (such as toilet paper, etc.), distribution with forklifts, and large and small-volume commodities are dispensed with conveyor belts;
(6) Special commodity storage areas, such as a small number of high-value drugs, tonics, etc., in order to prevent loss, are circled with barbed wire, indicating that irrelevant personnel are not allowed to enter.
Cloud logistics
Using third-party logistics to form strategic alliances and promote logistics integration, e-commerce and logistics cooperation has formed light asset model, vertical integration model, semi-outsourcing model and cloud logistics cloud warehousing model.
E-commerce and logistics can be described as "lip-tooth dependence". In the logistics industry, seamless strategic cooperation may be the best outcome. In this way, we can not only give full play to their respective advantages, but also take into account each other's interests [1].
Logistics expression - reserve; spatial domain logistics expression - displacement; time and space domain expression - trajectory.
Production logistics
Production logistics generally refers to: after raw materials, fuels and external components are put into production, they are transported to various processing points and storage points through cutting and distribution. In the form of work in progress, they flow from one production unit (warehouse) to another production unit, processed and stored in accordance with the prescribed process, and with the help of certain transportation devices. Circulating within a certain point and flowing out of a certain point always reflects the flow process of the physical form of materials. This constitutes the whole process of internal logistics activities of the enterprise. Therefore, the boundary of production logistics originates from the input of raw materials and external components, ends at the finished product warehouse, and runs through the whole production process.
The core of production logistics research is how to scientifically plan, manage and control the material flow and information flow in the production process.
Virtual logistics
Virtual logistics refers to the way to operate and manage logistics with computer network technology to realize the sharing of logistics resources between enterprises and optimize the allocation. That is, a number of member enterprises with complementary resources and technologies have established a more stable partnership under the condition of maintaining their independence in order to achieve the strategic goals of resource sharing, risk sharing and complementary advantages.
Using increasingly perfect communication network technology and means, virtual integration of enterprise warehouses distributed around the world into a large-scale Tuntu logistics system to complete fast, accurate and stable material support tasks and meet the multi-frequency and small-volume ordering needs of the logistics market. Virtual logistics is essentially a global application of "real-time system", and it is a small-volume and multi-frequency material distribution process. It enables enterprises to cross-country production products at the lowest cost anywhere in the world and obtain the materials they need to win the speed and advantage of market competition. Another advantage of the virtual logistics management model is that it can achieve a rapid response to market opportunities through the effective integration of external resources in a relatively short period of time. However, because virtual logistics has not changed the independent legal personality attributes of each node enterprise in the market, nor has it eliminated its potential conflicts of interest. Therefore, virtual logistics has also brought some new risk problems to alliance enterprises.
From the perspective of social economy, logistics belongs to macro logistics; from the perspective of enterprise operation, it belongs to micro logistics.
Macro, which refers to the comprehensiveness and the whole body that constitutes it, is called the micro. For example, there is an idiom: only trees, not forests. The forest is called macro, and the trees are called macro. Economics, including macroeconomics and microeconomics. Macroeconomics looks at the national economy as a whole, while microeconomics looks at the economy from the constituent elements such as the enterprises that make up the national economy. The same is true for logistics. How to operate logistics in a large ranges such as countries and regions is called macro logistics. Therefore, the problems to be discussed in macro logistics are what the circulation structure of Japan is, what the logistics path is, and what kind of transportation institutions are used to carry out the transportation operation of the logistics center. On the other hand, the problems to be discussed in micro-logistics are how the main manufacturers, circulation operators and transportation enterprises operate logistics. Or from the perspective of consumers, how different goods are sent to different families is also microscopic.
However, such a classification is too difficult. The circulation path problem and various commodities are both macro and micro problems, so sometimes use the term "semi-macro". The macro focus is on the overall logistics of the country or region, the micro level is the logistics from the perspective of enterprise operation, and the semi-macro view is the logistics of commodities and commerce in the overall level. Therefore, macro-logistics, considering the problems are transportation structure and logistics strongholds as industrial layout, as well as logistics administration; micro-logistics processing problems are the logistics management of enterprises' logistics system networks, circulation centers and other contents, and logistics management such as calculating logistics costs; semi-macro logistics refers to various products from production to consumption. The proportion of logistics path and logistics costs in their commodity prices.
The development of logistics management has gone through three levels: distribution management, logistics management and supply chain management. Logistics management originated from the storage and transportation mode and technology developed by the army in World War II. After the war, these technologies were widely used in industry and greatly improved the operational efficiency of enterprises and won more customers for enterprises. At that time, the logistics management was mainly aimed at the distribution part of the enterprise, that is, how to quickly and efficiently pass through the distribution center to deliver the product to customers after the finished product is produced, and maintain the lowest inventory as much as possible. At that time, the American Logistics Management Association was called the Physical Distribution Management Association, while the Canadian Supply Chain and Logistics Management Association was called the Canadian Physical Distribution Management Association. At this initial stage, logistics management only passively caters to customer needs after the established number of finished products is produced, transports products to the location designated by the customer, optimizes the use of resources in the field of transportation, and reasonably sets up the inventory of each distribution center. To be precise, logistics management has not really appeared at this stage, but only transportation management, warehousing management and inventory management. The position of logistics manager did not exist at that time, but only the transportation manager or warehouse manager.
Logistics management in the modern sense appeared in the 1980s. People find it very effective to use cross-functional process management to observe, analyze and solve problems in enterprise operation. By analyzing the whole circulation process of materials transporting materials from raw materials to factories, flowing through each workstation on the production line, producing finished products, then transporting them to the distribution center, and finally delivering them to customers, enterprises can eliminate many local optimization behaviors that seem to be efficient but actually reduce the overall efficiency. Because each functional department wants to make the best use of its production capacity, leaving no surplus. Once the demand increases, it becomes a bottleneck everywhere, resulting in the interruption of the whole process. For example, the Ministry of Transport, as an independent functional department, always tries to reduce its transportation costs, but if it delivers an order that must be accelerated by sea instead of air transportation, it saves freight and loses customers, leading to overall failure. Therefore, traditional vertical function management is no longer suitable for modern large-scale industrial production, but horizontal logistics management can comprehensively manage different functions in each process to achieve overall optimization synergy.
At this stage, the scope of logistics management extends to demand forecasting, procurement, production planning, inventory management, distribution and customer service in addition to transportation, so as to systematically manage the operation of enterprises and maximize the overall benefits. Gondrat's "Goal" is popular in the global manufacturing industry, and its essence is to manage production from the perspective of production processes. Accordingly, the American Physical Distribution Management Association changed its name to the American Logistics Management Association in the mid-1980s, and the Canadian Physical Distribution Management Association changed its name to the Canadian Logistics Management Association in 1992.
Purpose
Previously, the purpose of implementing logistics management was to achieve the established customer service level under the lowest possible total cost conditions, that is, to seek a dynamic balance between service advantages and cost advantages, and thus create the strategic advantages of enterprises in competition. According to this goal, the basic problem to be solved by logistics management is to provide the right products to customers at the right time and place at the right quantity and price.
Logistics management emphasizes the use of systematic methods to solve problems. Modern logistics is generally considered to consist of transportation, storage, packaging, handling, circulation processing, distribution and information links. Each link originally has its own functions, interests and concepts. The system method is to use modern management methods and modern technology to enable each link to share overall information, and organize and manage all links as an integrated system, so that the system can provide competitive customer service at the lowest possible total cost. According to the system method, the benefits of the system are not a simple addition of the benefits of their various local links. The systematic approach means that all influencing factors should be analyzed and evaluated for one aspect of the problems that arise. Starting from this idea, the logistics system does not simply pursue its own lowest cost in each link, because there is a tendency to influence and restrict each other between the benefits of each link of logistics, and there is an alternating and fragile relationship. For example, overemphasis on savings in packaging materials may lead to increased transportation and handling costs due to its vulnerability to damage. Therefore, the systematic approach emphasizes the analysis of total costs and the avoidance of sub-fine effects and cost-weight applications to achieve the lowest total cost while meeting the established customer service level.
Management level
The first layer is the basic technology layer.
Including basic network architecture, OA (Office Automation) office automation, financial management, information collection barcode, radio frequency identification (RFID), global positioning system (GPS) technology, etc.
The second layer is the operational execution layer.
Including application systems such as warehousing management (WMS), transportation management (TMS), process management (PM) and event management (EM).
The third level is the planning synergy layer.
Including Supply Chain Management and Network Design, Demand Planning and Advanced Planning/Advanced Scheduling (AP/AS), as well as B2B business Integrated (collaborative) applications, etc.
The fourth level is the strategic decision-making level.
There are not many software systems at this level to help leaders determine the strategic direction of enterprises, find the core competitiveness of enterprises, and determine what kind of competition and development strategies enterprises adopt. The leader's thinking is probably the best system. The four levels of supply chain informatization correspond to the strategy, planning and implementation of supply chain management.
1. Transportation function
2. Warehousing function
3. Distribution function
4. Packaging function
5. Handling functions
6. Circulation processing function
7. Information processing function
Logistics industry is a compound service industry that integrates transportation, warehousing, freight forwarding and information industries. It is an important part of the national economy. It covers a wide range of fields, absorbs a large number of employees, plays a great role in promoting production and consumption. It is promoting industrial restructuring, transforming the mode of economic development and enhancing the competitiveness of the national economy. It plays an important role.
The contribution of the logistics industry to the gross national product can be measured by the proportion of the output value created by the logistics industry to the gross national product. From 2001 to 2008, the proportion of logistics value added in GDP showed a fluctuating downward trend, and from 2009 to 2013, it showed a fluctuating upward trend, indicating that the position of the logistics industry in the overall national economy has improved. In 2013, the added value of China's logistics industry was 3.9 trillion yuan, an increase of 8.5% year-on-year, up 1.1 percentage points from the first half of the year, but down 0.7 percentage points from the same period last year. The added value of logistics accounts for 6.8% of GDP and 14.8% of the added value of services.
Importance
The position of logistics in the economy, logistics in the economy and transportation in the economy is irreplaceable.
The word "economy" comes from "being the people through the world". The purpose of the economy is to govern the country and let people live a rich life. The so-called economy is to look at human society with the concept of "values", which refers to people engaging in necessary trading, consumption, production and other activities for the sake of life. But the economy is by no means composed of buying, selling, consumption and living.
If enterprises want to sell products and earn income, it is impossible without circulation. In order to live, we need to buy necessary goods. The process of goods reaching consumers is indispensable. Therefore, logistics is also one of the economic factors, which is beyond doubt.
As mentioned above, the economy is composed of three major fields, namely, "production", "circulation" and "consumption". The "political economy" of colleges and universities, the "economics" and "economic principles" of universities teach that "production and consumption" or "supply and demand" make up the economy. Circulation is included in "supply (production)".
However, there is an essential difference between circulation and manufacturing and cultivation. The scale of modern circulation is increasing, which is due to the expansion of the scale and scope of the economy. In Japan, industrial raw materials and fresh food are purchased from all over the world, while Japanese-made goods are sold all over the world. Therefore, it is necessary to separate "manufactured goods" from "derivery of goods".
Regarding the role of logistics, the summary includes three aspects: service flow, ensuring production and facilitating life.
Service provider flow
In business flow activities, the ownership of the goods is transferred from the supplier to the demand side at the moment the purchase and sale contract is signed, and the commodity entity does not move because of this. In addition to futures trading for non-physical delivery, the general business flow must be accompanied by the corresponding logistics process, that is, the commodity entity is transferred from the supplier (seller) to the demand side in an appropriate way and in accordance with the needs of the demand side (purchase). In the whole circulation process, logistics actually appears as a successor to the business flow and a service provider. Without the role of logistics, in general, business flow activities will degenerate into a dead letter. The development of e-commerce needs the support of logistics, which is the reason.
Guaranteed production
From the beginning of the procurement of raw materials, it is required to have corresponding logistics activities to put the purchased raw materials in place. Otherwise, the whole production process will become a rice-free cooking. Between the various processes of production, it is also necessary to carry out the logistics process of raw materials and semi-finished products to realize the liquidity of production. As far as the whole production process is concerned, it is actually a series of logistics activities. Rationalized logistics, reducing costs by reducing transportation costs, reducing capital overbursation by optimizing the inventory structure, and improving efficiency by strengthening management, so as to effectively promote the improvement of the overall socio-economic level.
Convenient life
In fact, every link of life has logistics. Through international transportation, world-famous brands can appear on people of different skin colors; through advanced storage technology, fresh fruits and vegetables can be unveiled in any season; the thoughtful service of moving companies can make it easy for people to move their new homes; and various forms of luggage check-in business can make people enjoy the journey. Comfortable sex.
There are five reasons for logistics growth:
1. Relaxation of economic regulation.
2. Changes in customer behavior.
3. Technological progress.
4. The power of retailers is increasing.
5. Globalization of trade.
Inventory Analysis
It is a project in specific logistics analysis. It focuses on the analysis of inventory performance and productivity. The analysis should take into account the relevant sales volume and inventory turnover and be completed on the basis of ABC. If ten types of goods sold and invented are produced in a descing order, the logistics manager can quickly determine the types of products that have the greatest impact on transportation and inventory levels.
Logistics System Design
It refers to the process of completing the conception of the hardware structure and software structure system of the logistics system after system analysis, and forming the organizational design and technical scheme of the logistics system. The organizational design of the logistics system is the prerequisite of technical design, which determines the program and basic requirements of technical design.
Common Delivery
It refers to the distribution carried out jointly by many distribution enterprises when disTRIBUS to users in a certain region to improve logistics efficiency. It is carried out under the unified planning and dispatch of the distribution center. There are two forms of operation:
(1) A distribution enterprise distributes multiple users. That is, a distribution enterprise integrates the requirements of multiple users in a certain area, arranges the distribution time, number, route and quantity of goods, and fully distributes;
(2) Only mix the goods to be delivered by multiple users on the same vehicle during the delivery process, and then transport the goods to each pick-up point according to the user's requirements, or to the distribution cargo receiving point jointly established by multiple users. This distribution is conducive to saving capacity and improving the cargo full load rate of transport vehicles.
Logistics Accurate Location
It refers to the flow route, residence time, place and other information of goods entering the logistics, which enables manufacturers or consumers such as cargo owners, transportation enterprises and cargo recipients to grasp and understand them in a timely and accurate manner through electronic maps. In the field of maritime logistics, due to the wide application of satellite positioning system (GPS), the problem of determining the location and flow route of goods has been basically solved. It is necessary to solve the flow route and location of goods in the process of land logistics. Adopting this electronic technology that can significantly improve efficiency is the development direction of the logistics industry, with huge market prospects and potential.
Coupled Strategy
It is one of the strategies of virtual logistics industry. It means that logistics enterprises formulate regulations and regulations based on common interests, hold regular coordination meetings, implement industry self-discipline, and promote the benign development of the industry. With the acceleration of logistics industrialization and the increase in the number and service capacity of actors, the competition in the logistics market is very fierce. Implementing the linkage strategy is an effective way to avoid vicious competition in the logistics market.
Case Fill Rate
It is one of the indicators at the level of logistics services. Refers to the percentage of orders or units shipped on demand. If the case completion rate is 95 percent, it means that an average of 95 of the 100 orders can be completed with reserves. The remaining five orders may be delayed or cancelled.
Distribution Resources Planning
"DRPII" for short refers to the technology of allocating material resources in the circulation field. It can realize the logistics resources in the circulation field according to the demand plan and quantity and needs in place, but it is not suitable for the production field. If an enterprise engages in both production and circulation, it must use the Logistics Resource Plan (LRP).
Dispatching Centre
It refers to a facility that receives a large variety and large quantities of goods from suppliers, sorts out goods according to customer requirements through transshipment, ticket distribution, storage, circulation processing and information processing, and can be sent quickly, accurately and cheaply. Most manufacturers, wholesalers, department stores, etc. have set up a sending center near the consumer area, focusing on it to make the sending activity more effective. The sending center has the following advantages:
(1) Save transportation costs;
(2) Improve the efficiency of transportation services;
(3) Implementation of the separation of goods;
(4) Cross-transport has been abolished.
Delivery of Distribution Centers
It means that the organizer of the distribution activity is the distribution center. The distribution center is a circulation enterprise specializing in cargo distribution activities. Its operating scale is relatively large. Its facilities and process structure are specially designed and set up according to the characteristics and requirements of distribution activities. Therefore, the degree of specialization and modernization is high, the facilities and equipment are relatively complete, and the delivery capacity of goods is strong. It can not only be distributed remotely, but also In order to distribute multiple varieties of goods, it can not only distribute raw materials of industrial enterprises, but also undertake the distribution of supplementary goods to wholesalers. This kind of distribution is the main form of goods distribution in industrial developed countries and the future development direction of distribution. Because it is necessary to be equipped with a lot of advanced equipment and facilities, the investment is large, and it is difficult to promote this form of distribution in the early stage of implementation.
Diversification of Distribution and Delivery
A logistics rationalization measure to improve the quantity of goods distribution and achieve great economic benefits. An obvious development of modern distribution is to optimize the distribution method in the respective fields of distribution to expand the number of distribution. For example, Japan delivers goods under 30 kilograms in the form of home emergency (i.e. express), as well as diversified distributions such as small-volume express delivery system, pallet distribution system and back-to-back distribution system.
Depletion Time Method (Depletion Time Method)
It is one of the logistics planning methods of batch production methods. Refers to the production time of products arranged in the production operation plan, and the existing products in the inventory are sufficient to meet the time and quantity requirements of users for a group of products. This method can be used to arrange the production of a different group of products using the same equipment. The main goal of arranging the production operation plan using the depletion time method is to balance capacity.
Corollary Delivery
It is a distribution form that is directly transported to the production plant or construction site after fully equipping all the various materials it needs according to the requirements of the production enterprise or construction unit. It is conducive to the production enterprises focusing on accelerating the construction progress of production and construction units.
Conjoined Strategy
Also known as the integration strategy. The virtualization operation of freight forwarding companies for the logistics industry is a consortium strategy, but this logistics community still lacks an inherent mechanism in benefit sharing and risk sharing. The essence of integration here is that freight forwarding enterprises turn the virtualization operation of the logistics industry into an entity operation, and gradually realize themselves as an independent logistics industry. It has a reasonable allocation of infrastructure sources and achieves a stronger market dominance.
Enterprise logistics
Regarding the connotation and scope of enterprise logistics, it can be understood that enterprise logistics is a logistics activity with enterprise operation as the core, and it is a typical field of specific and micro-logistics activities.
The basic structure of enterprise system activities is input-conversion-output. For enterprises with production types, it is the input of raw materials, fuel, manpower, capital, etc., which are converted into products or services after manufacturing or processing. For service-oriented enterprises, it is equipment, manpower, management and operation, which is converted into services for users. Business. Logistics activities occur with the input-conversion-output of enterprises. Relative to the input is out-of-enterprise supply or out-of-enterprise in-input logistics, compared with conversion, it is in-enterprise production logistics or in-enterprise conversion logistics, and in-out-out-enterprise sales logistics or out-of-enterprise service logistics.
It can be seen that in enterprise business activities, logistics is an activity that penetrates into various business activities.
Logistics technology
Logistics technology refers to circulation technology or material transportation (including stopping) technology. Unlike production technology, production technology is the technology of producing certain products for society and providing tangible materials for society, while logistics technology is the technology that transfers and stores the materials produced and provides intangible services to society. That is to say, the role of logistics technology is to transfer various materials from producers to consumers. It includes both hard and soft technology.
Logistics technology is closely related to the whole process of real logistics activities. The level of logistics technology is directly related to the improvement and effective realization of logistics activities.
Supply chain management
Supply chain management (SCM) is an integrated management idea and method that performs functions such as logistics planning and control from suppliers to end users in the supply chain. From the perspective of a single enterprise, it means that enterprises integrate and optimize information flow, logistics and capital flow in the supply chain by improving the upstream and downstream supply chain relations to obtain the competitive advantage of enterprises. Supply chain management is the effectiveness management of enterprises, which shows the optimization of the whole operation process of the enterprise in terms of strategy and tactics. Integrate and optimize the business efficiency of suppliers, manufacturers and retailers, so that goods can be produced and sold at the right quantity, the right quality, in the right place, at the right time and at the best cost. The meaning of supply chain is to reach users through production, distribution and sales from the beginning of procurement. This is not an isolated behavior, but a "chain" of a certain amount of flow. Logistics activities are restricted by the decision of this supply chain. Supply chain management actually takes logistics and all the activities of enterprises as a unified pass. Cheng Lae's management.
There are four key points in the supply chain:
First, the supply chain is a one-way process. The links in the chain are not separated from each other, but become a whole through the chain.
Second, the supply chain is the strategic management of the whole process. Generally speaking, if you rely on only part of the link information, due to the limitations or distortion of the information, it may lead to plan distortion.
Third, the inventory concept on different links is different. In the supply chain management of logistics, inventory is not regarded as a measure to maintain production and sales, but as a balance mechanism of the supply chain.
Fourth, supply chain management adopts new management methods, such as replacing interfaces with an overall integrated approach, seeking overall balance by removing the weakest chains, preventing signal accumulation and amplification with a simplified supply chain methods, and economic cybernetics to achieve control.
Although the supply chain management of logistics indicates that the enterprise strategy should manage the whole supply chain, it does not mean that it should be operated by the enterprise. Under the premise of integrating some links into management, it is also normal to use social forces to operate.
Innovation highlights of China's supply chain:
1. The innovation of supply chain business model continues to disrupt the innovation of supply chain technology.
2. Flat supply chain organization has become the mainstream of innovation.
3. The enterprise hybrid supply chain organization model is emerging.
4. C2B mode and agile manufacturing have become new highlights.
5. The new supply chain model of O2O has become the focus of industry development.
6. The counter-service pattern of the supply chain platform is beginning to appear.
Take orders
1. The road transport supervisor accepts the (fax) transportation delivery plan from the customer.
2. Highway transportation dispatching takes the warehouse withdrawal documents from the customer.
3. Check the documents.
Registration
1. The transportation dispatcher divides the delivery destination on the registration form and the pick-up number of the receiving customer.
2. The driver (designated personnel and vehicles) go to the transportation dispatch center to get the bill of lading and confirm the receipt on the transportation board book.
Call arrangement
1. Fill in the transportation plan. 2. Fill in the transportation in transit, delivery, and track the feedback form. 3. Computer input.
Fleet exchange
1. Arrange the vehicle according to the delivery direction, weight, volume and overall planning.
2. Report the transportation plan to the customer's office and confirm the pick-up time at the factory.
Pick-up shipment
1. Check the vehicle condition.
2. Arrive at the customer pick-up warehouse on time.
3. Go through the pick-up procedures.
4. Pick up the goods, cover the shed, and lock the box door.
5. Go through the factory exit procedures.
6. Inform the receiving customer of the advance time by phone.
Tracking on the way
1. Establish a customer file for receiving goods.
2. The driver will give feedback on the information on the way in time.
3. Contact the receiving customer by phone for delivery.
4. Fill in the tracking record.
5. Contact the customer in time if there is an abnormal situation.
Arrive and sign for receipt
1. Confirm the arrival time by phone or fax.
2. The driver will fax the return order back to the logistics company by EMS or FAX.
3. Sign for the transport form.
4. Send the return form to the customer regularly.
5. Feedback the residence in the local market to customers in time.
Reply to the order
1. Arrive at the designated unloading site on time and accurately.
2. Handover of goods.
3. 100% sign for receipt to ensure that the quantity and quality of transportation products are single as customer out of the warehouse.
4. Understand the sales of the deliveryman's products in the local market.
Checkout
According to the agreement between the two parties or the content of the contract, the logistics company delivers the freight to the carrier, and the process is completed after the checkout is completed.
Logistics speed is determined by transportation and management tools, weather, festivals and other factors. The traditional concept only focuses on improving the logistics speed on the means of transportation. Modern concepts also pay attention to management tools, which not only automatically identify the important role of the system in logistics. The application of bar codes has greatly accelerated the storage, sorting and classification of items.
Features
The logistics system is objective, but it has not been recognized by people, so it has not been able to take advantage of the system dynamically. The logistics system is a long-span system, which is reflected in two aspects, one is the large regional span, and the other is the long time span. The logistics system has poor stability and strong dynamics. The logistics system belongs to the middle-level system. It is separable and can be decomposed into several subsystems. The complexity of the logistics system makes there a very strong "reverse" phenomenon among the structural elements of the system, which is often called the phenomenon of "alternating profit and loss" or "benefit reversal". If it is handled carelessly, the overall deterioration of the system will occur.
Objectives
The goal of the logistics system, that is, the capabilities required by the established logistics system, generally has five aspects:
1. Service objectives;
2. Fast and timely goals;
3. Saving targets;
4. Scale optimization goal;
5. Inventory adjustment target.
Logistics equipment is one of the main logistics operation tools of modern enterprises and the basis for rational organization of mass production and mechanized flow operation. For third-party logistics enterprises, logistics equipment is also the material and technical basis for organizing logistics activities, reflecting the logistics capacity of Tutu logistics enterprises. Logistics equipment is the material foundation of the logistics system. With the development and progress of logistics, logistics equipment has been continuously improved and developed. Many new equipment in the field of Tutu logistics equipment continue to emerge, such as four-way pallets, elevated forklifts, automatic sorting machines, automatic guided handling trucks (AGV), containers, etc., which greatly reduces people's labor intensity, improves logistics operation efficiency and service quality, and reduces the cost of Tutu logistics. In logistics operations. It plays an important role and greatly promotes the rapid development of logistics.
There are a complete range of logistics equipment, with many models and specifications, and complex varieties. Generally, the logistics operation of the logistics equipment completed by the equipment is taken as the standard, and the equipment is divided into:
Packaging equipment
Logistics packaging equipment refers to machinery and equipment that completes all or part of the packaging process. Packaging equipment is the fundamental guarantee for the mechanization and automation of product packaging. It mainly includes filling equipment, canning equipment, sealing equipment, wrapping equipment, labeling equipment, cleaning equipment, drying equipment, sterilization equipment, etc.
Storage equipment
It mainly includes shelves, stackers, indoor trucks, inbound and outbound transportation equipment, sorting equipment, hoist, handling robots, and computer management and monitoring systems. This equipment can form automated, semi-automatic and mechanized commercial warehouses to stack, access and sort goods.
Assembly unit
There are mainly containers, pallets, swing boxes and other containers. After the goods are packaged or packaged in combination with assembly appliances, they have high flexibility and are ready for operation at any time, which is conducive to the integration of storage, handling, transportation and packaging, and achieve the mechanization and standardization of logistics operations.
Handling and handling
It refers to the equipment used to move, lift, load and unload materials for short distance, which is an important part of logistics machinery and equipment. From the perspective of use and structural characteristics, loading and unloading equipment mainly includes lifting equipment, continuous transportation equipment, loading and unloading vehicles, special handling equipment, etc.
Circulation processing
It mainly includes metal processing equipment, mixing equipment, wood processing equipment and other logistics equipment.
Transportation equipment
The importance of transportation was mentioned earlier. The unique position of transportation in logistics puts forward higher requirements for transportation equipment, requiring transportation equipment to have the characteristics of high speed, intelligence, generalization, large-scale and safety and reliability, so as to improve the operating efficiency of transportation, reduce transportation costs, and optimize the utilization of transportation equipment. According to the mode of transportation, transportation equipment can be divided into trucks, railway trucks, cargo ships, air transportation equipment and pipeline equipment. For Tutu third-party logistics companies, they generally only have a certain number of trucks, while other transportation equipment directly use the public transportation equipment of the society.
(1) Small items, such as items within 10 kg
1. The timeliness requirements are high. Whether it is far or near, it is recommended to send express delivery. Express delivery in the city can let the courier company pick up the goods at home, a better courier company. Express delivery can reach about 90% of counties and districts in the country, and few companies are involved in remote areas in the west due to low demand.
2. If the time requirements are very tight, such as arriving on the same day of 500 kilometers, you can find a bus driver at the long-distance bus station. They can provide by-way delivery service, but such services are generally not responsible for picking up and delivery. The shipper needs to deliver them to the long-distance station by himself, and the pick-up person waits for the driver to arrive at the designated place.
3. The time requirements are not tight. You can choose China Post parcels. This service has the advantage of a wide range of places to reach and is cheaper than express delivery.
(2) Medium-sized articles, such as a range of 100-200 kg
1. If it is within 5 kilometers away, you can find channels such as tricycles to directly contact the driver.
2. If it is within 50 kilometers of the same city, you can find a van to pull goods. You can find a car through a logistics agency or a driver directly.
3. There are two options for cross-city transportation, special line companies and large-scale zero-load logistics companies. The price of special line companies is relatively cheap, and large-scale zero-load logistics services are good but expensive. The special line company has some vehicles, and larger items will be delivered to your door. When you can't deliver them, you need to go to the warehouse of the special line company by yourself. Zero loads can generally be picked up. If the goods are received or delivered in a remote area, they also need to be shipped to nearby cities to pick up the goods.
4. If the time is urgent, you can check the flight schedule to see if there are direct flights from the two places. If there is a direct route or a connecting route with the same company, you can call the airline to ask if you can book a cabin, but it should be noted that the goods need to be delivered to the airline cargo station within the specified time, and the categories and packaging can be sent are strictly limited. Considering the time when express delivery is delivered to the station and the airport after receiving the goods, the direct air delivery speed is better than passing through the courier company, especially about half a day from the departure of the flight.
5. Air shipments can be entrusted to the agency if they are not familiar with the process or have no time to deliver.
(3) Larger items, such as 500 kg to 2 tons
1. The chartered car at close range (such as within 200km) is fast and not very expensive (the price of a 4.2-meter car for 100 kilometers may cost 1,000 yuan). Please choose the appropriate model according to the weight and size of your goods. Due to the difficulty of short-distance delivery, drivers will generally collect round-trip freight.
2. Long distance (greater than 200km) is not urgent. You can choose a dedicated line company or a zero-load logistics company.
3. Long-distance time is tight (for example, 2,000 kilometers and 2 days), or to a city without a special line, please consider chartering a car.
4. There are generally three channels for chartered cars, including large-scale logistics companies, looking for trucks through logistics intermediaries, directly looking for drivers in places with many trucks, and looking for trucks online. The latter two ways actually carry vehicles are the same. Note: It may take 1 day to find a car through an intermediary. Please prepare in advance.
(4) Whole vehicle items (several tons to more than a dozen tons)
1. Please consider chartering a car.
2. If possible, you can consider railways and waterways, which are cheaper but more troublesome to operate.
Note: In order to ensure the safety of the goods, please find a reputable company to ship valuable goods, or choose to follow the car.
Common hidden dangers in packaging safety:
1. The cartons are reused many times, resulting in the loss of protective effect during transportation, resulting in damage to the goods.
2. The packaging does not match the weight or volume of the goods, and it is easy to deform, crack, loosen or leakage during the packaging during transportation.
III. Casual and simple packaging, regardless of packaging according to the characteristics of the cargo category, resulting in damage, loss, humidity, etc. of the goods.
On September 17, 2021, the construction of Shenzhen Ping Hunan National Logistics Hub, China's largest single logistics center, was launched.
With a total construction area of more than 800,000 square meters, the project will build the largest "public rail" multimodal transport center in China and even Asia with the world's first smart logistics park on a traditional railway freight station. [3]
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